A year of rewarding reforms

From "shadow banking" to lavish public spending, the message of the new leadership headed by Chinese President Xi Jinping and Premier Li Keqiang in its first year has been clear: the days of excessive spending and damaging liquidity are over.

By the time the Third Plenum of the 18th Communist Party of China Central Committee was held in November, the leadership had already shifted its focus to tripartite reforms, which sought to foster the role of efficient markets, competitive companies and a smaller but more effective public sector.

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The core reform sectors include finance, taxation, State assets, social welfare, land, foreign investment, innovation and governance. The reform blueprint seeks to relax control over market access, establish a basic social security package and allow the sale of collectively owned rural land. And the old household registration system (hukou), which continues to discourage migration, will be phased out gradually in the course of the massive urbanization drive.

Along with economic and financial reforms, Premier Li played a vital role in the launch of Shanghai's Free Trade Zone, which unleashed a slate of new FTZ initiatives in other big Chinese cities and provinces. These initiatives are moving parallel to increasing financial deregulation and the internationalization of the renminbi.

To reduce bureaucratism and implement reforms, Li pushed the central government to delegate administrative approval powers to lower levels of governments, by drastically reducing approval in the administrative approval system.

But the reforms promise no free lunches. When Li wrote his prize-winning dissertation in 1994, he argued that structural change fuels productivity growth. Until the new leadership took over, China coped with economic challenges by accelerating and leveraging economic development, which degrade the quality of growth. That is no longer an option.

That message was brought home in June 2013, when China's inter-bank rates soared but the People's Bank of China did not intervene. In the past, the authorities had usually resorted to new injections of liquidity. Now it was declined. A déjà vu ensued in December. Initially, observers called the outcome a "cash

That's not an ideal result because it means higher borrowing costs. But it is certainly preferable to the alternative-unsustainable liquidity creation and the rising probability of a debt default.

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