Pollution caused losses of 511.8 billion yuan (US$64 billion) in 2004, which was 3.05 per cent of the 16 trillion yuan (US$2 trillion) gross domestic product that year.

Estimated pollution treatment costs the same year were 287.4 billion yuan (US$36 billion), or 1.8 per cent of the GDP, of which water contamination accounted for nearly 56 per cent.

These are among the findings in the world's first report on the impact of the environment on the economy, dubbed "Green GDP," released in Beijing yesterday.

The report, which involved 41 areas of investigation, was jointly compiled by the State Environmental Protection Administration (SEPA) and the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS).

However, the figures mark "only the beginning of our efforts in calculating Green GDP," said Pan Yue, vice-minister of SEPA.

Wang Jinnan, vice-president of the Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, explained: "Because of shortcomings in basic data and the technical approach, the results for 2004 represent only the environmental pollution cost.

"Even the estimate of environmental pollution is not complete for lack of figures on groundwater, soil and indoor air pollution," added Wang, also head of the group of the Green GDP accounting experts.

The figures do, however, set a global standard.

"These are the world's first official figures on Green GDP calculation," said Qiu Xiaohua, commissioner of NBS.

"Globally, the calculation of Green GDP is being explored; and has attracted controversy over how to go about it. But it is urgent for China to work on this complicated issue and set standards for cleaning its environment."

Pan said that the figures, though, should not point to the wrong conclusion.

"Although we arrived at the figure of 3.05 per cent, it does not indicate that in 2004, China's Green GDP was 96.95 per cent of the conventional figure, because the green figures were very sketchy."

A complete environmental and economic assessment system, Pan and Qiu said, should cover depletion costs in at least five natural resources land, minerals, forests, water and fisheries and two types of degradation costs environmental pollution and ecological recovery.

The complete picture of China's Green GDP performance, Pan said, would be much worse.

"If we take all the missing elements into account, the whole Green GDP figure will be drastically lower than the conventional GDP, which has kept increasing in recent years at the cost of the environment," he said.

"Although it will be a long process to establish the system because of difficulty in obtaining data and the approach, we have to kickstart it. China cannot wait till all the pre-conditions are ready.

"Otherwise, it will be too late to save the country's environment."

The accounting experts have also developed a software program to allow local officials to calculate their own green performance figures.

(China Daily 09/08/2006 page1)