看美國(guó)大選辯論學(xué)英語(yǔ)系列（二）

趕在美國(guó)大選電視辯論第三場(chǎng)之前，我們來(lái)說(shuō)一說(shuō)第二場(chǎng)辯論中值得關(guān)注和學(xué)習(xí)的一些英語(yǔ)表達(dá)。倆人的黑料我們就不在這里重復(fù)了，畢竟都不是什么光彩的事情，我們還是要多多傳播正能量。

1. Town hall debate

如果大家還有印象的話(huà)，第一場(chǎng)辯論，兩人一直站在各自的講臺(tái)（podium）后面，回答主持人的提問(wèn)，然后展開(kāi)辯論，基本沒(méi)有離開(kāi)自己的位置。

到了第二場(chǎng)，辯論的形式靈活了一些，兩人可以在場(chǎng)內(nèi)自由走動(dòng)，提問(wèn)的主角是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀(guān)眾，這些觀(guān)眾都是在圣路易斯地區(qū)選出來(lái)明確表示對(duì)任何一位候選人都沒(méi)有傾向性的普通選民（undecided voters）。觀(guān)眾提問(wèn)，兩位候選人回答，主持人會(huì)適時(shí)跟進(jìn)一些問(wèn)題（ask follow-up questions）。因?yàn)檫@種形式很像某個(gè)小鎮(zhèn)開(kāi)會(huì)議事，居民提問(wèn)，鎮(zhèn)長(zhǎng)回答，所以被稱(chēng)為town hall debate，現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀(guān)眾就被稱(chēng)為town hall participants。

原話(huà)摘錄：

“Tonight's debate is a town hall format which gives voters the chance to directly ask the candidates questions. Martha and I will ask follow-up questions but the night really belongs to the people in this room and to people across the country who committed questions online. The people you see on this stage were chosen by the Gallup organization, are all from the St. Louis area and told Gallup they have not committed to a candidate. Each of them came here with questions they wanted to ask and we saw the questions for the first time this morning.
（主持人Anderson Cooper）今晚的辯論采用市政廳會(huì)議的形式，選民有機(jī)會(huì)直接向兩位候選人提問(wèn)。Martha和我會(huì)跟進(jìn)一些問(wèn)題，但提問(wèn)權(quán)屬于今天在場(chǎng)的觀(guān)眾以及在線(xiàn)提交問(wèn)題的全國(guó)民眾。今天在場(chǎng)的觀(guān)眾是有蓋樂(lè)普公司在圣路易斯地區(qū)挑選出來(lái)的，他們都表明對(duì)任何一位候選人沒(méi)有傾向性。每一位觀(guān)眾都帶來(lái)了自己想問(wèn)的問(wèn)題，我們也是今天早晨才看到這些問(wèn)題。”

2. Mimic and mock

從修辭手法的角度來(lái)看，字母m開(kāi)頭的兩個(gè)詞連用屬于押頭韻（alliteration），即若干相鄰詞的開(kāi)頭或重讀音節(jié)中對(duì)相同字母、輔音或不同元音的重復(fù)。這種修辭方式在詩(shī)歌中很常見(jiàn)，使得句子讀起來(lái)押韻合轍，悅耳動(dòng)聽(tīng)，有時(shí)也能增加句子的氣勢(shì)。再舉幾個(gè)例子：I dreamt of a drip-dropping drain in my dream/Your friends will flip-flop fast when facing trouble/Grass grows greener in the graveyard。

Mimic指“戲仿某人”，也就是說(shuō)，通過(guò)模仿別人來(lái)取笑別人；mock比mimic更甚，指“嘲弄?jiǎng)e人”，有時(shí)也是通過(guò)模仿來(lái)表現(xiàn)對(duì)別人的嘲弄和嘲笑。

這段話(huà)是在辯論一開(kāi)始，難免要提到特朗普玩弄女性的錄音，特朗普說(shuō)那都是過(guò)去的“更衣室談話(huà)”（locker room talk），即言語(yǔ)粗俗的私人談話(huà)，他說(shuō)他很尊重女性。希拉里則表示，他不光不尊重女性，他曾經(jīng)冒犯過(guò)很多人，但是他從來(lái)沒(méi)有向任何人道過(guò)歉。

原話(huà)摘錄：

“He never apologized to Mr. And Mrs. Khan, the gold star family whose son, Captain Khan died in the line of duty in Iraq and Donald insulted and attacked them for weeks over their religion. He never apologized to the distinguished federal judge who was born in Indiana, but Donald said he couldn't be trusted to be a judge because his parents were "Mexican." He never apologized to the reporter that he mimicked and mocked on national television and our children were watching. And he never apologized for the racist lie that President Obama was not born in the United States of America. He owes the president an apology and he owes our country an apology and he needs to take responsibility for his actions and his words.
他從來(lái)沒(méi)有向卡恩夫婦道過(guò)歉，他們家是金星家庭（金星家庭指在戰(zhàn)斗或者軍事行動(dòng)中犧牲的美軍士兵的直系親屬），他們的兒子是在伊拉克戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中犧牲的卡恩上尉，而特朗普連續(xù)幾周侮辱他們、攻擊他們的宗教信仰。他從來(lái)沒(méi)有向出生在印第安納州的一位出色的聯(lián)邦法官道歉，特朗普說(shuō)這位法官不值得信任，因?yàn)樗母改甘悄鞲缛恕Ｋ麖膩?lái)沒(méi)有向那位被他公開(kāi)在電視上嘲笑和模仿的記者道歉，我們國(guó)家的孩子們可都在看電視呢。他也從來(lái)沒(méi)有向奧巴馬總統(tǒng)就種族主義謊言道歉，他說(shuō)奧巴馬總統(tǒng)不是在美國(guó)出生的。他欠總統(tǒng)一個(gè)道歉，欠我們國(guó)家一個(gè)道歉，他要為他的言行負(fù)起責(zé)任。”

3. Tarnish

希拉里提到俄羅斯網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵美國(guó)，并稱(chēng)俄羅斯想通過(guò)這些行動(dòng)對(duì)美國(guó)大選攪局，然后幫助特朗普當(dāng)選。特朗普表示，他不認(rèn)識(shí)普京，但是美國(guó)的確應(yīng)該跟俄羅斯搞好關(guān)系，那樣兩國(guó)可以聯(lián)合起來(lái)對(duì)付ISIS。特朗普有點(diǎn)委屈地說(shuō)：“他們總是用俄羅斯的事兒來(lái)詆毀我。”

Tarnish算是個(gè)常用詞，動(dòng)詞名詞皆可，指“污點(diǎn)/瑕疵，金屬失去光澤，玷污或敗壞（某人的名聲）”，常見(jiàn)的搭配是tarnish somebody/something with something。與其意思相近的另外一個(gè)同級(jí)別詞是blemish，也是動(dòng)名詞皆可用，表示“污點(diǎn)，玷污”等意，比如：He wasn't about to blemish that pristine record.

原話(huà)摘錄：

“I don't know Putin. I think it would be great if we got along with Russia because we could fight ISIS together, as an example, but I don't know Putin. But I notice, any time anything wrong happens, they like to say the Russians, well she doesn't know if it's the Russians doing the hacking. Maybe there is no hacking, but there is - now Russia - and the reason they blame Russia is they think they’re trying to tarnish me with Russia. I know nothing about Russia - I know about Russia, but I know nothing about the inner workings of Russia. I don’t deal there, I have no businesses there, I have no loans from Russia.
我不認(rèn)識(shí)普京。我覺(jué)得要是能跟俄羅斯搞好關(guān)系應(yīng)該挺好的，因?yàn)槲覀兛梢砸黄饘?duì)付ISIS。但我真的不認(rèn)識(shí)普京。不過(guò)，我發(fā)現(xiàn)，每次有問(wèn)題出現(xiàn)，他們很喜歡拿俄羅斯說(shuō)事兒，其實(shí)她也不知道那些網(wǎng)絡(luò)入侵是不是俄羅斯人干的。或者，根本沒(méi)有入侵，但是俄羅斯是存在的，他們譴責(zé)俄羅斯是因?yàn)樗麄兿胗枚砹_斯來(lái)詆毀我。我完全不了解俄羅斯——我知道俄羅斯，但我不了解俄羅斯內(nèi)部的運(yùn)作情況。我不和他們做生意，在那里沒(méi)有買(mǎi)賣(mài)，也沒(méi)跟俄羅斯借錢(qián)。”

4. Xenophobic

希拉里曾經(jīng)評(píng)價(jià)特朗普的支持者中有一半應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)，稱(chēng)他們是種族主義者、性別歧視主義者、恐同分子、懼外分子、恐伊斯蘭分子。被現(xiàn)場(chǎng)觀(guān)眾問(wèn)及此事時(shí)，希拉里回應(yīng)稱(chēng)，她很抱歉說(shuō)過(guò)這樣的話(huà)，不過(guò)她針對(duì)的是特朗普，而不是他的支持者。

Xenophobic，讀音\?ze-n?-?fōbik\， unduly fearful of what is foreign and especially of people of foreign origin，無(wú)端畏懼外國(guó)人（或事物）的。這里的xeno-是個(gè)前綴，表示alien，strange；phobic是phobia（恐懼癥）的形容詞形式，如果想表達(dá)患有某種恐懼癥的人則用后綴phobe。列出一些常見(jiàn)的恐懼癥：amaxophobia（乘車(chē)恐懼癥）、kathisophobia（靜坐恐懼癥）、claustrophobia（密閉空間恐懼癥），以及近幾年才出現(xiàn)的nomophobia（無(wú)手機(jī)恐懼癥）。

原話(huà)摘錄：

“Cooper: I want to follow on with something Donald Trump said to you. A comment you made last month. You said half of Donald Trump supporters are quote deplorables. Racist, sexist, homophobic, xenophobic, islamophobic. You later said you regretted saying half. You didn't express regret for using the term deplorables. To Mr. Carter’s question, how can you unite a country if you've written off tens of millions of Americans?
主持人Cooper：我想就特朗普對(duì)你的言論跟進(jìn)一下。上月你評(píng)論稱(chēng)，特朗普的支持者中有一半人應(yīng)該受到譴責(zé)，稱(chēng)他們是種族主義者、性別歧視主義者、恐同分子、懼外分子、恐伊斯蘭分子。后來(lái)，你說(shuō)后悔說(shuō)了‘一半’那個(gè)詞。但你并沒(méi)有對(duì)使用deplorables這個(gè)詞表示后悔。回到卡特先生的提問(wèn)，如果你都把這上千萬(wàn)的美國(guó)人給排除在外了，你怎么團(tuán)結(jié)整個(gè)國(guó)家呢？”

Clinton: Well within hours I said I was sorry about the way I talked about that because my argument is not with his supporters, it's with him and the divisive campaign he has run and the inciting of violence at his rallies and the very brutal kinds of comments about not just women, but all Americans.
克林頓：我說(shuō)完那番話(huà)幾個(gè)小時(shí)以后我就對(duì)此表示了歉意，我的言論并不是針對(duì)他的支持者，而是針對(duì)特朗普本人以及他這種分裂的競(jìng)選方式、他的競(jìng)選活動(dòng)激起的暴力行為以及針對(duì)女性和全體美國(guó)人的殘酷言論。”

5. Compliment

在辯論的最后，有位觀(guān)眾提了一個(gè)很好的問(wèn)題：拋開(kāi)場(chǎng)上的唇槍舌戰(zhàn)，你們二位能不能互相說(shuō)出對(duì)方身上值得看重的一點(diǎn)？希拉里表示，特朗普的孩子們都很棒，由此也反應(yīng)了他的部分為人。特朗普接話(huà)稱(chēng)，希拉里夸我孩子，我很受用，希拉里一直在戰(zhàn)斗，沒(méi)有退出，她是個(gè)斗士，這是他看重的。

Compliment通常都用來(lái)表示“恭維、致意、贊美”，常用的搭配為pay/give someone a compliment，表示“贊美或恭維某人”。比如，有人看到你后說(shuō)：“你走過(guò)來(lái)的時(shí)候，我還以為碰見(jiàn)范冰冰了呢！”這個(gè)時(shí)候你可以回答說(shuō)“I’ll take that as a compliment. （我就當(dāng)你是在夸我吧）”

英語(yǔ)里還有一個(gè)詞跟這個(gè)詞發(fā)音一樣，拼寫(xiě)方式也很接近，很容易搞錯(cuò)，需要大家多留心，這個(gè)詞就是complement，指“補(bǔ)充，補(bǔ)足，補(bǔ)充劑”，比如，we complement each other（我們互補(bǔ)），Rice makes an excellent complement to a curry dish（咖喱菜式配米飯最棒）。

原話(huà)摘錄：

“Clinton: Well, I respect his children. His children are incredibly able and devoted and I think that says a lot about Donald. I don't agree with nearly anything else he says or does, but I do respect that and think that is something that as a mother and a grandmother is very important to me.
克林頓：我覺(jué)得他的孩子們挺好的。他們都很有能力而且專(zhuān)注，這也反應(yīng)了特朗普的為人。他的言行我差不多都不贊同，但我的確欣賞他的孩子們，這對(duì)我一個(gè)當(dāng)了母親和祖母的人來(lái)說(shuō)很重要。

Trump: Well, I consider her statement about my children to be a very nice compliment. I don't know if it was meant to be a compliment, but it is a great... I'm proud of my children. They have done a wonderful job and they have been wonderful, wonderful kids. So I consider that a compliment. I will say this about Hillary. She doesn't quit and she doesn't give up. I respect that. I tell it like it is. She is a fighter. I disagree with much of what she is fighting for, I do disagree with her judgment in many cases, but she does fights hard and doesn't quit and she doesn’t give up, and I consider that a very good trait.
特朗普：她對(duì)于我家孩子的這番表達(dá)對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)是很好的恭維。我不知道她說(shuō)這些是不是算稱(chēng)贊我，不過(guò)的確受用，我以我的孩子們?yōu)闃s。他們表現(xiàn)都很棒，是很好的孩子。所以，我覺(jué)得這是一種贊美。對(duì)于希拉里，我想說(shuō)的是，她沒(méi)有退出，沒(méi)有放棄。我很尊重這一點(diǎn)。的確如此。她是個(gè)斗士。她為之戰(zhàn)斗的很多事情我都不贊同，她做的很多決策我都反對(duì)，但是，她的確一直在戰(zhàn)斗，沒(méi)有退出，沒(méi)有放棄，我覺(jué)得這是一個(gè)很好的品質(zhì)。”

這個(gè)問(wèn)題問(wèn)得真好，一場(chǎng)火藥味十足的辯論好歹在友好的氣氛中結(jié)束了。

這辯論看著，感覺(jué)比美劇還精彩呢！

我們一起期待第三期吧。

（中國(guó)日?qǐng)?bào)網(wǎng)英語(yǔ)點(diǎn)津 馬文英）