紐約地鐵書單：紐約客都在讀什么？

5. 《雙倍的自由勞動》 作者：亞歷克斯·利希滕斯坦

Twice the Work of Free Labor by Alex Lichtenstein

Jim Zarroli: It’s a very academic book about the convict-labour system in the south after the Civil War. Rather than being sent to prison, convicts were leased out to businesses, to mines, even to factories for very low amounts of money and they had to do forced labour for years, often as punishment for very mild crimes. And that’s something that continued in the South for years until it was replaced by the chain-gang system in 1908. People would be incarcerated for 10 years for crimes like stealing a pair of globes. Many of the prisoners were African-Americans, freed slaves, and this was almost like a way of re-enslaving them.

推薦人吉姆·扎羅利（Jim Zarroli）：這是一本關于內戰(zhàn)后美國南方勞改制度（convict-labour system）的學術著作。囚犯們沒有送進監(jiān)獄，而是被租給店鋪、礦井、甚至是工廠。他們的酬勞少得可憐，卻要被迫當好多年的勞力，就如同罪行輕微的犯人接受的懲罰。這一制度在南方持續(xù)了數十年，直到1908年才被帶鐐制度（chain-gang system）所取代。偷一副手套，就會被監(jiān)禁10年之久。許多犯人是非裔美國人和被釋放的奴隸，這就好比變相的再次奴役。